US Banks Ride Out Market Turmoil Thanks to Capital Buildup They Opposed

Big US banks are navigating a choppy environment just two years after the last round of turmoil, this time with almost no one questioning the industry’s ability to ride out whatever is coming. That’s because there’s plenty of capital — ironically due to a buildup of financial buffers that bankers mostly opposed.

“This is the moment of peak capital for the industry,” said Mike Mayo, the veteran bank analyst at Wells Fargo Securities. “When you look at the entirety of capital, reserves and earnings power, banks are about as resilient as they’ve been in a couple of decades.”

Capital at 20 of the largest US banks surged by more than $175 billion in the past three years. This brought the most carefully watched metric — Tier 1 common equity — to almost $1.3 trillion by the end of last month.

There’s so much cash sloshing around that bankers are planning to return more of it to shareholders. A preliminary tally shows 20 of the largest banks bought back at least $26.56 billion of shares in the first quarter. This includes $7.1 billion by JPMorgan Chase & Co. and $4.5 billion at Bank of America Corp., where Chief Financial Officer Alastair Borthwick said there was “some flexibility” to go higher. Citigroup Inc., which has lagged peers in repurchases, is conducting a massive $20 billion buyback over the next couple of years.

To industry observers like Mayo, it’s an overdue swing of the pendulum, after banks were prodded to stockpile capital following the Great Financial Crisis and in anticipation of higher requirements proposed by Biden-era regulators to meet Basel III international standards. 

The proposal, which followed several big bank failures in 2023, mandated an aggregate 16% increase in Tier 1 Common Equity for lenders with more than $100 billion in assets. Known as CET1 in bank lingo, it’s the highest-quality capital that can absorb losses the most efficiently.

Bankers have fought hard against the surcharges, with vocal opponents like JPMorgan Chief Executive Officer Jamie Dimon calling it “hugely disappointing.” They’re now expecting a friendlier revision from regulators, with the change in the US administration putting the update on an indefinite pause.

While Mayo advocated for higher capital in 2010, the number of complex capital rules has since “gone overboard,” he said, making it hard for US banks to compete with foreign banks and nonbank financial institutions.

For some CEOs, a little extra resilience might not be so bad, with new tariffs potentially disrupting business activity, weakening loan demand and hindering borrowers’ ability to repay.

“In an environment like this, having excess capital — and you could argue that we do — is not a burden but a luxury,” KeyCorp CEO Chris Gorman said in an interview. 

The board of the Cleveland-based bank has authorized share repurchases of up to $1 billion. The decision was made in March, although it was part of a long-term strategic plan that wouldn’t have been altered by the tariff announcement, Gorman said.

KeyCorp boosted its CET1 ratio to 11.8% at the end of its first quarter from 9.07% in March 2023, putting it well above regulatory minimums. 

To bolster capital, KeyCorp sold a minority stake to Scotiabank for roughly $2.8 billion last year, and Gorman said he’ll continue ditching securities with unrealized losses to buy higher-yielding bonds. 

The drag on capital from underwater holdings can also ease naturally over time as bonds mature, said Citizens Financial’s CEO Bruce Van Saun. Citizens expects by the end of 2026, about $500 million in unrealized losses will burn off, improving its adjusted CET1 ratio, which was 9.1%, by 30 basis points.

M&T Bank Corp. largely erased the impact of unrealized losses ahead of the current turmoil, the bank told shareholders during its earnings call. 

“Certainly the economic backdrop is dynamic with the recent news, but I think if we look at M&T versus its peers, we’re in an enviable position as far as the strength of our capital position in particular,” said John Taylor, M&T’s controller.

All three of those regionals expect to repurchase shares in the months ahead. The tally was $200 million for Citizens in the first quarter and $662 million for M&T. KeyCorp expects to spend $1 billion on buybacks starting in the second half. 

M&T noted that its buybacks trimmed its CET1 ratio by 18 basis points to 11.5%, and cautioned during its earnings call that it might slow or pause the program if the economy weakens. 

The buybacks come on top of dividends. All told, for instance, Citizens returned $386 million to shareholders so far this year counting the cash payouts. 

Those efforts are dwarfed by Citigroup, whose stock stubbornly trades well below tangible book value. The New York-based bank’s $20 billion buyback program announced in January includes $1.75 billion of repurchases in the first quarter amid plans to deliberately trim the bank’s key capital ratio, with CFO Mark Mason citing “our robust capital and liquidity position.” 

“We continue to feel good about that program as you would expect,” Mason said on the earnings call. “That is a smart thing to do.”

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